This map explains kidney cancer step by step: what it is, the types, the tests, the stages, the treatment and its side effects.
Tap any topic on the map to read about it. Topics with an arrow open more topics.
Tap a type on the map.
Why this matters: medicines work best in clear cell RCC; other types are treated a little differently.
About 75 out of 100 kidney cancers. This map is mainly about this type.
A kidney cancer of young children, treated with surgery and chemotherapy; most children are cured.
Tap a test on the map to see why it is done.
Please wait for all the reports. Why we wait
A CT of the abdomen with contrast shows the tumour, whether it has grown into the large vein, and the lymph nodes. CT chest checks the lungs.
Not always needed before surgery when the scan is typical. Done for small masses before ablation or surveillance, and before medicines in stage 4.
Creatinine and sometimes a kidney scan (DTPA) show how well each kidney works, which helps decide between partial and total removal.
Before starting chemotherapy, immunotherapy or targeted therapy, these tests check that you are fit for treatment, and give a starting point to compare with later.
| Test | Why it is done |
|---|---|
| CBC (complete blood count) | Haemoglobin, white cells and platelets. Treatment can lower them. |
| RFT (kidney function) | Many medicines are cleared by the kidneys; the dose may need to change. |
| LFT (liver function) | Many medicines are processed by the liver. |
| Viral markers: HBsAg, anti-HCV, HIV | Hepatitis B can flare up during treatment. If positive, a tablet is given to prevent this. |
| Blood sugar (and HbA1c if diabetic) | Steroids given with chemotherapy can raise blood sugar. |
| ECG and 2D Echo | Check the heart rhythm and pumping before treatment, as some medicines affect the heart. |
Before immunotherapy, also:
| Test | Why it is done |
|---|---|
| Serum TSH (thyroid) | Immunotherapy can affect the thyroid gland. |
| Serum cortisol (morning sample) | Immunotherapy can affect the adrenal and pituitary glands. |
Sometimes needed, depending on your treatment:
Your doctor will choose the tests that apply to you. Some of them are repeated during treatment.
Tap your stage on the map.
Tumour up to 7 cm, limited to the kidney. The aim is cure.
Tumour larger than 7 cm, still limited to the kidney. The aim is cure.
Grown into the large vein or the fat around the kidney, or spread to nearby lymph nodes. The aim is still cure.
Spread beyond the kidney area or to other organs such as the lungs or bones. Usually not curable, but medicines can control it for years.
Tap your stage on the map.
Side effects: surgery
Side effects: surgery · immunotherapy
Side effects: immunotherapy · targeted tablets
Tap a treatment on the map.
Heavy blood in the urine, severe headache or very high blood pressure on tablets, chest pain, breathlessness, or new weakness need urgent care.
This information is general. Your own treatment plan may be different. Please discuss it with your doctor.
Written and medically reviewed by Dr Prathyusha Eaga, MD, DM (Medical Oncology). Last reviewed: 12 October 2026. Based on NCCN and ESMO guidelines.
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