This map explains melanoma step by step: what it is, the types, the tests, the stages, the treatment and its side effects.
Tap any topic on the map to read about it. Topics with an arrow open more topics.
Tap a type on the map.
On sun-exposed skin. Often has a BRAF mutation (about half), which tablets can target.
On the soles, palms or under a nail; often a dark streak in the nail or a dark patch on the foot. BRAF mutations are less common.
Inside the nose, sinuses, mouth, anus or genitals. Often found late; some have a KIT mutation.
In the eye. Treated with eye radiotherapy (plaque) or surgery; when it spreads (mostly to the liver), tebentafusp helps patients with the tissue type HLA-A*02:01.
Tap a test on the map to see why it is done.
Please wait for all the reports. Why we wait
The whole spot is removed with a small margin. The report gives the Breslow thickness (depth in mm) and whether there is ulceration, the two most important features.
For melanomas thicker than about 0.8 mm. A dye finds the first lymph node the melanoma would drain to; it is removed and checked for spread.
For stage 3 and 4. Decides whether BRAF tablets are an option.
For stage 3 and 4, to look for spread. Melanoma can spread to the brain, so MRI brain is often done.
Higher levels in stage 4 mean a more active cancer.
Before starting chemotherapy, immunotherapy or targeted therapy, these tests check that you are fit for treatment, and give a starting point to compare with later.
| Test | Why it is done |
|---|---|
| CBC (complete blood count) | Haemoglobin, white cells and platelets. Treatment can lower them. |
| RFT (kidney function) | Many medicines are cleared by the kidneys; the dose may need to change. |
| LFT (liver function) | Many medicines are processed by the liver. |
| Viral markers: HBsAg, anti-HCV, HIV | Hepatitis B can flare up during treatment. If positive, a tablet is given to prevent this. |
| Blood sugar (and HbA1c if diabetic) | Steroids given with chemotherapy can raise blood sugar. |
| ECG and 2D Echo | Check the heart rhythm and pumping before treatment, as some medicines affect the heart. |
Before immunotherapy, also:
| Test | Why it is done |
|---|---|
| Serum TSH (thyroid) | Immunotherapy can affect the thyroid gland. |
| Serum cortisol (morning sample) | Immunotherapy can affect the adrenal and pituitary glands. |
Sometimes needed, depending on your treatment:
Your doctor will choose the tests that apply to you. Some of them are repeated during treatment.
Tap your stage on the map.
Only in the skin, with no spread to lymph nodes. Stage depends on the thickness and ulceration. Most stage 1 is cured with surgery.
Spread to nearby lymph nodes, or small deposits in the skin close by.
Spread to distant organs, such as the lungs, liver, brain or bone.
Tap your stage on the map.
Side effects: surgery · immunotherapy
Side effects: surgery · immunotherapy · BRAF tablets
Side effects: immunotherapy · BRAF tablets
Tap a treatment on the map.
During immunotherapy: loose stools more than 4 times a day, breathlessness, severe headache, yellow eyes, or severe tiredness. On BRAF tablets: fever of 38°C or more. All need urgent care.
This information is general. Your own treatment plan may be different. Please discuss it with your doctor.
Written and medically reviewed by Dr Prathyusha Eaga, MD, DM (Medical Oncology). Last reviewed: 12 October 2026. Based on NCCN and ESMO guidelines.
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