This map explains testicular cancer step by step: what it is, the types, the tests, the stages, the treatment and its side effects.
Tap any topic on the map to read about it. Topics with an arrow open more topics.
Most testicular cancers are germ cell tumours. Tap a type on the map.
Usually in men aged 30 to 45. Grows slowly and is very sensitive to chemotherapy and radiotherapy.
Includes embryonal carcinoma, yolk sac tumour, choriocarcinoma and teratoma, often mixed. Usually in younger men. Very sensitive to chemotherapy; teratoma may need surgery.
Tap a test on the map to see why it is done.
Please wait for all the reports. Why we wait
Shows whether a lump is inside the testicle; solid lumps inside the testicle are treated as cancer until proven otherwise.
AFP, beta-hCG and LDH blood tests, before and after surgery. They help diagnose the type, decide the risk group, and follow treatment.
Removal of the affected testicle through a cut in the groin. It is both diagnosis and the first treatment. A silicone implant can be placed. A biopsy through the scrotum is not done.
CT of the chest, abdomen and pelvis checks the lymph nodes at the back of the abdomen and the lungs.
Store sperm before treatment, ideally before orchidectomy or at least before chemotherapy or radiotherapy. Most men remain fertile, but this is a safeguard.
Before starting chemotherapy, immunotherapy or targeted therapy, these tests check that you are fit for treatment, and give a starting point to compare with later.
| Test | Why it is done |
|---|---|
| CBC (complete blood count) | Haemoglobin, white cells and platelets. Treatment can lower them. |
| RFT (kidney function) | Many medicines are cleared by the kidneys; the dose may need to change. |
| LFT (liver function) | Many medicines are processed by the liver. |
| Viral markers: HBsAg, anti-HCV, HIV | Hepatitis B can flare up during treatment. If positive, a tablet is given to prevent this. |
| Blood sugar (and HbA1c if diabetic) | Steroids given with chemotherapy can raise blood sugar. |
| ECG and 2D Echo | Check the heart rhythm and pumping before treatment, as some medicines affect the heart. |
Before immunotherapy, also:
| Test | Why it is done |
|---|---|
| Serum TSH (thyroid) | Immunotherapy can affect the thyroid gland. |
| Serum cortisol (morning sample) | Immunotherapy can affect the adrenal and pituitary glands. |
Sometimes needed, depending on your treatment:
Your doctor will choose the tests that apply to you. Some of them are repeated during treatment.
Tap your stage on the map.
Limited to the testicle, and markers return to normal after surgery.
Spread to lymph nodes at the back of the abdomen.
Spread to lymph nodes above the diaphragm or to other organs (such as the lungs), or very high markers. Still curable in most; graded as good, intermediate or poor risk.
Tap your stage on the map. Every patient first has an orchidectomy.
Side effects: chemotherapy
Side effects: chemotherapy
Tap a treatment on the map.
Fever of 38°C or more during chemotherapy, breathlessness or cough, or new swelling need urgent care.
This information is general. Your own treatment plan may be different. Please discuss it with your doctor.
Written and medically reviewed by Dr Prathyusha Eaga, MD, DM (Medical Oncology). Last reviewed: 12 October 2026. Based on NCCN and ESMO guidelines.
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