This map explains mesothelioma step by step: what it is, the types, the tests, the stages, the treatment and its side effects.
Tap any topic on the map to read about it. Topics with an arrow open more topics.
| Type | What it means |
|---|---|
| Epithelioid | The most common (about 6 or 7 out of 10). Grows more slowly and responds better to treatment. |
| Sarcomatoid | Less common, grows faster. |
| Biphasic | A mix of both. |
Why this matters: immunotherapy works particularly well for sarcomatoid and biphasic types. Chemotherapy works mainly for the epithelioid type.
Tap a test on the map to see why it is done.
Fluid drained from around the lung is tested for cancer cells. It also relieves breathlessness. But the fluid test alone often cannot confirm mesothelioma, so a biopsy is usually needed.
Show how much of the lining is involved, and whether it has spread to lymph nodes, the chest wall, the other side or other organs. This decides the stage.
Before starting chemotherapy, immunotherapy or targeted therapy, these tests check that you are fit for treatment, and give a starting point to compare with later.
| Test | Why it is done |
|---|---|
| CBC (complete blood count) | Haemoglobin, white cells and platelets. Treatment can lower them. |
| RFT (kidney function) | Many medicines are cleared by the kidneys; the dose may need to change. |
| LFT (liver function) | Many medicines are processed by the liver. |
| Viral markers: HBsAg, anti-HCV, HIV | Hepatitis B can flare up during treatment. If positive, a tablet is given to prevent this. |
| Blood sugar (and HbA1c if diabetic) | Steroids given with chemotherapy can raise blood sugar. |
| ECG and 2D Echo | Check the heart rhythm and pumping before treatment, as some medicines affect the heart. |
Before immunotherapy, also:
| Test | Why it is done |
|---|---|
| Serum TSH (thyroid) | Immunotherapy can affect the thyroid gland. |
| Serum cortisol (morning sample) | Immunotherapy can affect the adrenal and pituitary glands. |
Sometimes needed, depending on your treatment:
Your doctor will choose the tests that apply to you. Some of them are repeated during treatment.
The stage is worked out from the scans and biopsy. Tap your stage on the map.
Limited to the lining on one side, possibly growing into the lung or diaphragm on that side.
Grown into the chest wall, or spread to lymph nodes in the chest.
Spread to the other side of the chest, or to other organs.
For most patients, mesothelioma cannot be cured, but treatment can control it, relieve symptoms and help patients live longer. Tap a treatment on the map.
Side effects: immunotherapy
Side effects: chemotherapy
Tap a treatment on the map. Most side effects can be prevented or managed.
Fever of 38°C or more during chemotherapy, or new or worse breathlessness, needs urgent care. When to seek help urgently
This information is general. Your own treatment plan may be different. Please discuss it with your doctor.
Written and medically reviewed by Dr Prathyusha Eaga, MD, DM (Medical Oncology). Last reviewed: 12 October 2026. Based on NCCN and ESMO guidelines.
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