This map explains nasopharyngeal cancer step by step: what it is, the types, the tests, the stages, the treatment and its side effects.
Tap any topic on the map to read about it. Topics with an arrow open more topics.
Most are non-keratinising carcinoma, strongly linked to EBV and very sensitive to radiotherapy and chemotherapy.
Tap a test on the map to see why it is done.
Please wait for all the reports. Why we wait
A camera through the nose to see the tumour and take a biopsy.
MRI of the head and neck shows spread to the skull base and nerves. PET-CT checks for spread to other organs.
Measures virus DNA in the blood. Higher levels mean higher risk; used to follow response.
A dental check before radiotherapy, and a dietitian review. Many patients have lost weight; a feeding tube may be advised before treatment.
Before starting chemotherapy, immunotherapy or targeted therapy, these tests check that you are fit for treatment, and give a starting point to compare with later.
| Test | Why it is done |
|---|---|
| CBC (complete blood count) | Haemoglobin, white cells and platelets. Treatment can lower them. |
| RFT (kidney function) | Many medicines are cleared by the kidneys; the dose may need to change. |
| LFT (liver function) | Many medicines are processed by the liver. |
| Viral markers: HBsAg, anti-HCV, HIV | Hepatitis B can flare up during treatment. If positive, a tablet is given to prevent this. |
| Blood sugar (and HbA1c if diabetic) | Steroids given with chemotherapy can raise blood sugar. |
| ECG and 2D Echo | Check the heart rhythm and pumping before treatment, as some medicines affect the heart. |
Before immunotherapy, also:
| Test | Why it is done |
|---|---|
| Serum TSH (thyroid) | Immunotherapy can affect the thyroid gland. |
| Serum cortisol (morning sample) | Immunotherapy can affect the adrenal and pituitary glands. |
Sometimes needed, depending on your treatment:
Your doctor will choose the tests that apply to you. Some of them are repeated during treatment.
Tap your stage on the map.
Limited to the nasopharynx and nearby area, with no or limited neck nodes. Cure rates are high.
Spread to the skull base, nerves or more neck nodes. Still curable in most.
Spread to bones, lungs or liver.
Surgery is rarely used; radiotherapy is the main treatment. Tap your stage on the map.
Side effects: radiotherapy
Side effects: chemoradiotherapy · chemotherapy
Side effects: chemotherapy · immunotherapy
Tap a treatment on the map.
Tap a topic on the map.
Bleeding from the mouth, throat or neck, difficulty breathing or noisy breathing, inability to swallow even liquids, or fever of 38°C or more need urgent care. Double vision, severe headache, or new weakness of the face also need prompt review.
This information is general. Your own treatment plan may be different. Please discuss it with your doctor.
Written and medically reviewed by Dr Prathyusha Eaga, MD, DM (Medical Oncology). Last reviewed: 12 October 2026. Based on NCCN and ESMO guidelines.
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