This map explains oesophageal (food pipe) cancer step by step: what it is, the types, the tests, the stages, the treatment and its side effects.
Tap any topic on the map to read about it. Topics with an arrow open more topics.
There are two main types, which behave and are treated a little differently. Tap a type on the map.
Tap a test on the map to see why it is done.
Please wait for all the reports. Why we wait
A camera passed through the mouth to see the tumour and take biopsies.
PD-L1 (for immunotherapy), MMR / MSI, and in adenocarcinoma HER2 and Claudin 18.2. They matter mainly in stage 4.
Many patients have lost weight before diagnosis. A dietitian review, and sometimes a feeding tube, help you stay strong through treatment.
Before starting chemotherapy, immunotherapy or targeted therapy, these tests check that you are fit for treatment, and give a starting point to compare with later.
| Test | Why it is done |
|---|---|
| CBC (complete blood count) | Haemoglobin, white cells and platelets. Treatment can lower them. |
| RFT (kidney function) | Many medicines are cleared by the kidneys; the dose may need to change. |
| LFT (liver function) | Many medicines are processed by the liver. |
| Viral markers: HBsAg, anti-HCV, HIV | Hepatitis B can flare up during treatment. If positive, a tablet is given to prevent this. |
| Blood sugar (and HbA1c if diabetic) | Steroids given with chemotherapy can raise blood sugar. |
| ECG and 2D Echo | Check the heart rhythm and pumping before treatment, as some medicines affect the heart. |
Before immunotherapy, also:
| Test | Why it is done |
|---|---|
| Serum TSH (thyroid) | Immunotherapy can affect the thyroid gland. |
| Serum cortisol (morning sample) | Immunotherapy can affect the adrenal and pituitary glands. |
Sometimes needed, depending on your treatment:
Your doctor will choose the tests that apply to you. Some of them are repeated during treatment.
Tap your stage on the map.
Limited to the inner layers of the food pipe wall. Early; the aim is cure.
Grown deeper through the wall and/or spread to nearby lymph nodes. Locally advanced; the aim is cure.
Spread to other organs or distant lymph nodes. Usually not curable; treatment controls the cancer and keeps swallowing possible.
Treatment depends on the type, stage and your fitness. Tap your stage on the map.
Side effects: surgery
Side effects: chemoradiotherapy · chemotherapy · surgery · immunotherapy
Side effects: chemotherapy · immunotherapy
Tap a treatment on the map.
Unable to swallow liquids or saliva, vomiting blood, choking or coughing on drinking, chest pain, or fever of 38°C or more need urgent care.
This information is general. Your own treatment plan may be different. Please discuss it with your doctor.
Written and medically reviewed by Dr Prathyusha Eaga, MD, DM (Medical Oncology). Last reviewed: 12 October 2026. Based on NCCN and ESMO guidelines.
Book a hospital visit, a video consultation or a second opinion.
